Difference between revisions of "Undergraduate Radio Lab"

Latest revision as of 18:19, 25 January 2022

This course consists of four laboratory experiments that concentrate on radio instrumentation and laboratory techniques. We will build receiving, observing, and data analysis systems for two telescopes: a single-dish 21-cm line system, and a 10.7-GHz interferometer. We will use these telescopes for astronomical observing projects including structure of the Milky Way galaxy, precise position measurement of several radio sources, and measurement of the radio brightness distributions of the sun and moon with high angular resolution. There is a heavy emphasis on digital data acquisition, software development in the Python language, and high-quality written reports.

Class Programmatics[edit]

Class Code Repository: http://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio
Syllabus
Zoom Room: 358 760 9756
Bcourses: 1512067
Discord: https://discord.gg/54m6yjsFHN
Sign-up sheet for lab: https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/selfsched?sstoken=UUhoRVItYjh2bFA3fGRlZmF1bHR8MDlkOGRkN2MzNmVlMDM1ZTYzNzJiZTcxOTRkNmY1Y2Q
Class Hours:
- Tuesday/Thursday 1:30-3:30pm
Office Hours:
- Aaron Parsons (aparsons at berkeley): TBD, or by appointment, in standard Zoom Room: 358 760 9756
- Christian Bye (chbye at berkeley): TBD or by appointment (Through Discord Office Hours Channel or Zoom: 372 207 8992)
- Mine Gokcen (minegokcen at berkeley):
- Frank Latora (fjlatora at berkeley):
Lab Groups:
- Group 1
- Group 2
- Group 3
- Group 4
- Group 5

Experiments[edit]

Getting Set Up[edit]

Getting Started in the Undergraduate Radio Lab
- Setting Up Your Raspberry Pi
- Connecting to the Lab Computers Remotely

General Skills Used Through-Out Course[edit]

Navigating Linux/Unix-like Operating Systems
- Unix Primer
- Unix Text Editors
Programming in Python
- Python Installation and Basic Programming
- Introduction to Python and Plotting
Software Engineering
Report Writing
- LaTeX

Topics by Date[edit]

Lab 1 (Exploring Digital Sampling, Fourier Transforms, and both DSB and SSB Mixers), Due Feb 8, 1:30p[edit]

Lab 1, Week 1 (Jan 18): Sampling and Power Spectra[edit]

Resources and Handouts
- Nyquist Sampling
- Fourier Transform
- Technical Skills

Demos and Tutorials
- Introduction to Python and Plotting
- Aliasing Demo (on datahub.berkeley.edu)
In class:
- Astrobaki, Syllabus, Office Hours
- Getting accounts (premade by Bill Boyd, change password with passwd command)
- Lab access (see Getting Started in the Undergraduate Radio Lab)
- Class philosophy and workflow
- Nyquist Sampling and aliasing
- Fourier Transform
- ADC Quantization
- Lab Hardware
  - PicoScope 2206a
  - Raspberry Pi + NESDR Smart
- Data Challenge
  - Secret Message
- Lecture 1 Zoom recording (2021 is here)
- Lecture 2 Zoom recording (2021 is here)

Lab 1, Week 2 (Jan 26): DSB and SSB Mixers[edit]

Theory and Background:
Demos and Tutorials
- Convolutions and Correlations
- In the Mind: Introduction to the Fourier Transform
- Mommy Fortuna's Midnight Carnival of Python Oddities
- Data Representations, with handout on Data Types and Organizational Structures
- Data Challenge
  - Secret Message 2
In class:
- Lecture 3 Zoom recording (2021 is here)
- Lecture 4: Show and Tell
- Lecture: Introduction to DSB and SSB Mixers
- Show and Tell (10m per group)

Lab 1, Week 3 (Feb 1): More Mixers, and Lab Reports[edit]

Theory and Background
- LaTeX
- Introduction to Python and Plotting, second pass
- LaTex Template Template you may use for your lab report
  - Overleaf version of the lab template
In Class:
- Lecture: One more pass on Convolution Theorem, Heterodyne Mixers, and DFTs
- Lecture 5
- Lecture 6
- Show and Tell
- Writing Lab Reports
Lab 1 Due Feb 8, 1:30p

Lab 2 (Astronomy with the 21cm Line; Some Microwave Electronics), due Mar 1, 1:30p[edit]

Lab 2, Week 1 (Feb 8): 21cm Line and Waveguides[edit]

Theory and Background:
Demos and Tutorials
- Python Tutorial Part 3: Functions, Modules, and Objects
- Matrix Math with Numpy
- Doppler Corrections, ugradio.doppler
In class:
- Introduction to Horn and Receiver
- Time
- Coordinates
- Lecture 7
- Lecture 8

Lab 2, Week 2 (Feb 15): Collect and Analyze Data[edit]

Theory and Background
Demos and Tutorials
- Central Limit Theorem and Averaging
In Class:
- Show and Tell
- Waveguides, Transmission Lines, and Rope
- Fitting Gaussians and Polynomials, ugradio.gauss
- Lecture 9
- Lecture 10

Lab 2, Week 3 (Feb 22): Write Lab Report[edit]

Theory and Background
- Least-Squares and Chi-Square for the Budding Aficionado: Art and Practice
In Class:
- Chi-Square Jupyter Notebook
- Show and Tell
- Least Squares Part 2
- Lecture 11
Lab 2 Due Mar 1, 1:30p

Lab 3 (Radio Interferometry at X Band), due Apr 5, 1:00p[edit]

Lab 3 Week 1 (Mar 1): Interferometer[edit]

Theory and Background
- Coordinates
- Basic Interferometry
In Class:
- Tour of Rooftop Interferometer
- Exercise Ball Coordinates
- Interferometry with Strings
- Lecture 12
- Lecture 13

Lab 3 Week 2 (Mar 8): Collect and Analyze Data[edit]

Theory and Background
- Measurement Equation
- Telescope Field of View/Resolution
In Class:
- Show and Tell
- Controlling the Telescope
- Tracking the Sun
- Scheduling Observations
Lecture Links
- Lecture 14
- Lecture 15

Lab 3 Week 3 (Mar 15): Collect and Analyze Data[edit]

Theory and Background
- Basic Interferometry II
- Least Squares
In Class:
- Show and Tell
- Linear Least-Squares in Python
- Minimizing Chi-Square]
- Noise in Observations
Lecture Links
- Lecture 16
- Lecture 17

No class (Mar 23, 26)[edit]

Lab 3 Week 4 (Mar 29): Write Lab Report[edit]

Theory and Background
- - Correlators
  - Units of radiation
In Class:
- Show and Tell
- Photon bucket demo
Lecture Links
- Lecture 18
- Lecture 19
Lab 3 Due Apr 6, 1:30p

Lab 4 (Mapping the HI Line: the Galaxy and Supershells), due May 3, 1:30p[edit]

Useful Links[edit]

Link to Observing Calendar

Leuschner WebCam

Lab 4 Week 1 (Apr 5): Leuschner Dish[edit]

Theory and Background
In Class:
- Trip to Leuschner: Class will go later than usual
- drive mechanism (how the dish moves)
- feed (notice probes) and cables
- IF setup (one channel for OH, one for HI)
- interacting with a CASPER spectrometer
- pointing control
- spatial sampling with dish
Lecture Links
- Lecture 20
- Lab 4 Lecture 2 (Thursday 4/9/20)

Lab 4 Week 2 (Apr 12): Collect and Analyze Data[edit]

Theory and Background
In Class:
- Show and Tell
- spatial sampling with a dish
- interpolation
- projection
Lecture Links
- Lab 4 Lecture 3 (Tuesday 4/14; access v7*1$5k7)
- Lab 4 Lecture 4 (Thursday 4/16; access G7*##+1O)

Lab 4 Week 3 (Apr 19): Collect and Analyze Data[edit]

Theory and Background
In Class:
- Show and Tell
- close-out plan
- computing doppler width for a line of sight (assuming circular motion)
- calibrating spectra
- converting spectra to hydrogen
Lecture Links
- Lab 4 Lecture 5 (Tuesday 4/21; access 7f!o&=J9)
- Lab 4 Lecture 6 (Thursday 4/23): share day; no recording

Lab 4 Week 4 (Apr 26): Write Lab Report[edit]

Theory and Background
- Calibrating the Intensity and Shape of Spectral Lines (Carl Heiles)
In Class:
- Show and Tell
- displaying information in image form
- Lab 4 Due May 3, 1:30p
Lecture Links
- Lab 4 Lecture 7 (Tuesday 4/28; access 3h=j11*@ )
- Lab 4 Lecture 8 (Thursday 4/30; access 5V$.3i8$ )

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 === Class Programmatics ===
 * Class Code Repository: [http://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio http://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio]
-* [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/raw/master/schedule/syllabus_2022_spring.docx Syllabus]
+* [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/raw/main/schedule/syllabus_2022_spring.docx Syllabus]
 * [https://berkeley.zoom.us/j/3587609756 Zoom Room: 358 760 9756]
 * Bcourses: [https://bcourses.berkeley.edu/courses/1512067 1512067]
-* Discord: https://discord.gg/vdmcyZcAbS
+* Discord: https://discord.gg/54m6yjsFHN
+* Sign-up sheet for lab: https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/selfsched?sstoken=UUhoRVItYjh2bFA3fGRlZmF1bHR8MDlkOGRkN2MzNmVlMDM1ZTYzNzJiZTcxOTRkNmY1Y2Q
 * Class Hours:
 ** Tuesday/Thursday 1:30-3:30pm
 * Office Hours:
 ** Aaron Parsons (aparsons at berkeley): TBD, or by appointment, in standard [https://berkeley.zoom.us/j/3587609756 Zoom Room: 358 760 9756]
-** Christian Bye (chbye at berkeley): TBD or by appointment (Through Discord Office Hours Channel)
+** Christian Bye (chbye at berkeley): TBD or by appointment (Through Discord Office Hours Channel or [https://berkeley.zoom.us/my/christianbye Zoom: 372 207 8992])
 ** Mine Gokcen (minegokcen at berkeley):
 ** Frank Latora (fjlatora at berkeley):
@@ Line 22: / Line 23: @@
 === Experiments ===
-* Lab 1: [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_mixers/allmixers.pdf Exploring Digital Sampling, Fourier Transforms, and both DSB and SSB Mixers]
+* Lab 1: [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_mixers/allmixers.pdf Exploring Digital Sampling, Fourier Transforms, and both DSB and SSB Mixers]
-* Lab 2: [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_bighorn/bighorn.pdf Astronomy with the 21cm Line; Some Microwave Electronics]
+* Lab 2: [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_bighorn/bighorn.pdf Astronomy with the 21cm Line; Some Microwave Electronics]
-* Lab 3: [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_interf/interf.pdf Radio Interferometry at X Band]
+* Lab 3: [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_interf/interf.pdf Radio Interferometry at X Band]
-* Lab 4: [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_dish/HI1.pdf Mapping the HI Line: the Galaxy and Supershells]
+* Lab 4: [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_dish/HI1.pdf Mapping the HI Line: the Galaxy and Supershells]
+===Getting Set Up===
+* [[Getting Started in the Undergraduate Radio Lab]]
+** [[Setting Up Your Raspberry Pi]]
+** [[Connecting to the Lab Computers Remotely]]
 === General Skills Used Through-Out Course ===
-* [[Getting Started in the Undergraduate Radio Lab]]
+* Navigating Linux/Unix-like Operating Systems
-* [[Python Installation and Basic Programming]]
+** [[Unix Primer]]
-* [[Connecting to the Lab Computers Remotely]]
+** [[Unix Text Editors]]
-* [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/python_intro.ipynb Introduction to Python and Plotting]
+* Programming in Python
-* [[Unix Primer]]
+** [[Python Installation and Basic Programming]]
-* [[Unix Text Editors]]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/python_intro.ipynb Introduction to Python and Plotting]
-* [[LaTeX]]
+* Software Engineering
-* [[Revision Control]]
+** [[Revision Control]]
-* [[Getting Started w/ Github]]
+** [[Getting Started w/ Github]]
-* [[Unit Testing]]
+** [[Unit Testing]]
+* Report Writing
+** [[LaTeX]]
 == Topics by Date ==
-=== Lab 1 ([https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_mixers/allmixers.pdf Exploring Digital Sampling, Fourier Transforms, and both DSB and SSB Mixers]), Due Feb 8, 1:30p ===
+=== Lab 1 ([https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_mixers/allmixers.pdf Exploring Digital Sampling, Fourier Transforms, and both DSB and SSB Mixers]), Due Feb 8, 1:30p ===
 ==== Lab 1, Week 1 (Jan 18): Sampling and Power Spectra ====
 * Resources and Handouts
 ** [[Nyquist Sampling]]
 ** [[Fourier Transform]]
-** [[Unix Primer]]
+** Technical Skills
-** [[Python Installation and Basic Programming]]
+*** [[Unix Primer]]
-** [[Revision Control]]
+*** [[Unix Text Editors]]
-** [[Getting Started w/ Github]]
+*** [[Python Installation and Basic Programming]]
-** [[Unix Text Editors]]
+**** [[Revision Control]]
+**** [[Getting Started w/ Github]]
 * Demos and Tutorials
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/python_intro.ipynb Introduction to Python and Plotting]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/python_intro.ipynb Introduction to Python and Plotting]
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/Nyquist%20Sampling%20and%20Aliasing.ipynb Aliasing Demo]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/Nyquist%20Sampling%20and%20Aliasing.ipynb Aliasing Demo] (on [http://datahub.berkeley.edu/user-redirect/interact?account=AaronParsons&repo=ugradio&branch=main&path=jupyter_tutorials/Nyquist%20Samplling%20and%20Aliasing.ipynb datahub.berkeley.edu])
 * In class:
 ** Astrobaki, Syllabus, Office Hours
-** Getting accounts (premade by Bill Boyd, change password)
+** Getting accounts (premade by Bill Boyd, change password with <tt>passwd</tt> command)
-** Lab access (email Mark Hayden)
+** Lab access (see [[Getting Started in the Undergraduate Radio Lab]])
 ** Class philosophy and workflow
 ** [[Nyquist Sampling]] and aliasing
 ** [[Fourier Transform]]
+** ADC Quantization
 ** Lab Hardware
 *** PicoScope 2206a
+*** Raspberry Pi + [[NESDR Smart]]
 ** Data Challenge
-*** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_mixers/secret_message.npz Secret Message]
+*** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_mixers/secret_message.npz Secret Message]
-** [https://youtu.be/Yb4K8t6SG4k Lecture 1 Zoom Recording]
+** [https://youtu.be/uH-dQnq7ZD4 Lecture 1 Zoom recording] (2021 is [https://youtu.be/Yb4K8t6SG4k here])
-** [https://youtu.be/oJplegmHeAI Lecture 2 Zoom Recording]
+** [https://youtu.be/LtEzUnp_E9E Lecture 2 Zoom recording] (2021 is [https://youtu.be/oJplegmHeAI here])
 ==== Lab 1, Week 2 (Jan 26): DSB and SSB Mixers ====
@@ Line 74: / Line 86: @@
 ** [[Convolution Theorem]]
 ** [[Fast Fourier Transform]]
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/dft_intro/fourierc.pdf Spectral Analysis with Discrete Fourier Transforms]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/dft_intro/fourierc.pdf Spectral Analysis with Discrete Fourier Transforms]
 * Demos and Tutorials
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/Convolutions%20and%20Correlations.ipynb Convolutions and Correlations ]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/Convolutions%20and%20Correlations.ipynb Convolutions and Correlations ]
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/Sec%204.%20In%20the%20mind.ipynb In the Mind: Introduction to the Fourier Transform ]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/Sec%204.%20In%20the%20mind.ipynb In the Mind: Introduction to the Fourier Transform ]
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/datatype_demo.ipynb Mommy Fortuna's Midnight Carnival of Python Oddities]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/datatype_demo.ipynb Mommy Fortuna's Midnight Carnival of Python Oddities]
-** [[Data Representations]], with handout on [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/pythonprimer/datatypes.pdf Data Types and Organizational Structures]
+** [[Data Representations]], with handout on [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/pythonprimer/datatypes.pdf Data Types and Organizational Structures]
 ** Data Challenge
-*** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_mixers/mixed_message.npz Secret Message 2]
+*** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_mixers/mixed_message.npz Secret Message 2]
 * In class:
-** [https://youtu.be/Ut_jTUoqcd8 Lecture 3: Discrete Fourier Transforms and the Convolution Theorem]
+** [https://youtu.be/dsCZ_F2HEVY Lecture 3 Zoom recording] (2021 is [https://youtu.be/Ut_jTUoqcd8 here])
 ** [https://youtu.be/ZxAWNiisn3Y Lecture 4: Show and Tell]
 ** Lecture: Introduction to DSB and SSB Mixers
@@ Line 91: / Line 103: @@
 * Theory and Background
 ** [[LaTeX]]
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/python_intro.ipynb Introduction to Python and Plotting], second pass
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/jupyter_tutorials/lab1/python_intro.ipynb Introduction to Python and Plotting], second pass
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/tree/master/latex_template/lab1 LaTex Template] Template you may use for your lab report
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/tree/main/latex_template/lab1 LaTex Template] Template you may use for your lab report
 *** [https://www.overleaf.com/read/hvrwkmfkvkhg Overleaf version of the lab template]
 * In Class:
-** Lecture: One more pass on [[Convolution Theorem]], [[Heterodyne Mixers]], and [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/dft_intro/fourierc.pdf DFTs]
+** Lecture: One more pass on [[Convolution Theorem]], [[Heterodyne Mixers]], and [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/dft_intro/fourierc.pdf DFTs]
 ** [https://youtu.be/igZPQQ-6ieo Lecture 5]
 ** [https://youtu.be/53CZj1CCEm0 Lecture 6]
@@ Line 104: / Line 116: @@
 ---------
-=== Lab 2 ([https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_bighorn/bighorn.pdf Astronomy with the 21cm Line; Some Microwave Electronics]), due Mar 1, 1:30p ===
+=== Lab 2 ([https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_bighorn/bighorn.pdf Astronomy with the 21cm Line; Some Microwave Electronics]), due Mar 1, 1:30p ===
 ==== Lab 2, Week 1 (Feb 8): 21cm Line and Waveguides ====
 * Theory and Background:
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_bighorn/cal_intensity.pdf Calibrating the Intensity and Shape of Spectral Lines]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_bighorn/cal_intensity.pdf Calibrating the Intensity and Shape of Spectral Lines]
 ** [[Specific Intensity]]
 ** [[21cm Transition]]
@@ Line 128: / Line 140: @@
 ** [http://ugastro.berkeley.edu/radio/2017/handout_links/RWvD.pdf Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics (Ramo, Whinney, and Van Duzer)]
 ** [[Central Limit Theorem]] and [[Random Walks]]
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/least_squares/lsfit_lite.pdf Least Squares Lite for the Budding Aficionado: Art and Practice]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/least_squares/lsfit_lite.pdf Least Squares Lite for the Budding Aficionado: Art and Practice]
 * Demos and Tutorials
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/jupyter_tutorials/lab2/Central%20Limit%20Theorem%20and%20Averaging.ipynb Central Limit Theorem and Averaging]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/jupyter_tutorials/lab2/Central%20Limit%20Theorem%20and%20Averaging.ipynb Central Limit Theorem and Averaging]
 * In Class:
 ** Show and Tell
@@ Line 140: / Line 152: @@
 ==== Lab 2, Week 3 (Feb 22): Write Lab Report ====
 * Theory and Background
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/least_squares/lsfit_2008.pdf Least-Squares and Chi-Square for the Budding Aficionado: Art and Practice]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/least_squares/lsfit_2008.pdf Least-Squares and Chi-Square for the Budding Aficionado: Art and Practice]
 * In Class:
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/jupyter_tutorials/lab2/chisq_intro.ipynb Chi-Square Jupyter Notebook]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/jupyter_tutorials/lab2/chisq_intro.ipynb Chi-Square Jupyter Notebook]
 ** Show and Tell
 ** Least Squares Part 2
@@ Line 150: / Line 162: @@
 ---------
-=== Lab 3 ([https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_interf/interf.pdf Radio Interferometry at X Band]), due Apr 5, 1:00p ===
+=== Lab 3 ([https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_interf/interf.pdf Radio Interferometry at X Band]), due Apr 5, 1:00p ===
 ==== Lab 3 Week 1 (Mar 1): Interferometer ====
@@ Line 206: / Line 218: @@
 ---------
-=== Lab 4 ([https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_dish/HI1.pdf Mapping the HI Line: the Galaxy and Supershells]), due May 3, 1:30p ===
+=== Lab 4 ([https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_dish/HI1.pdf Mapping the HI Line: the Galaxy and Supershells]), due May 3, 1:30p ===
 ==== Useful Links ====
@@ Line 262: / Line 274: @@
 ==== Lab 4 Week 4 (Apr 26): Write Lab Report ====
 * Theory and Background
-** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/master/lab_bighorn/cal_intensity.pdf Calibrating the Intensity and Shape of Spectral Lines (Carl Heiles)]
+** [https://github.com/AaronParsons/ugradio/blob/main/lab_bighorn/cal_intensity.pdf Calibrating the Intensity and Shape of Spectral Lines (Carl Heiles)]
 * In Class:
 ** Show and Tell